Sunday, January 1, 2012

Wind Energy-A Renewable Non-Polluting Energy Resource



Wind energy is a free, renewable resource, so no matter how much we used today,  the same supply will still be there in the future. Wind energy is also a source of clean, non-polluting, electricity. Unlike conventional power plants, wind plants emit no air pollutants or greenhouse gases. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, in 1990, California's wind power plants offset the emission of more than 2.5 billion pounds of carbon dioxide, and 15 million pounds of other pollutants that would have otherwise been produced. It would take a huge forest of 90 million to 175 million trees to provide the same air quality.

Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and the rotation of the earth on its axis. Wind flow patterns will modify by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be (and is, in some places) used to generate electricity.

How Wind Power Is Generated
The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process in which wind is used to generate mechanical power and electricity. Wind turbines convert "kinetic" energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity to power homes, businesses, schools, and the like.

Wind Turbines
Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power an electric generator that supplies an electric current. Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity.

Wind Turbine Types
Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the traditional farm windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axis design, like the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor. Most large modern wind turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.

Remember to think green!

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy


Solar Energy = radiant light and heat from the sun that has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces

Advantages:

Solar cells are durable sources of energy which can be used practically everywhere. They are particularly useful where there is no national electrical infrastructure and also where there are no people such as remote site water pumping or even in space.
Solar cells provide cost effective solutions for energy problems in places where there is no mains electricity. Solar cells are also totally non-polluting and silent as they have no moving parts they require little or no maintenance and have a very long lifetime. Compared to other renewable sources they also possess many advantages; wind and water power rely on turbines which are noisy, expensive and liable to breaking down.

"Rooftop power" is an excellent way of supplying energy to a growing community. More cells can be added to homes and businesses as the community grows so that energy generation is in line with demand. Many large scale systems currently end up over generating to ensure that everyone has enough. Solar cells can also be installed in a distributed fashion, That is  they don't need large scale installations. Solar cells can easily be installed on rooftops which means no new space is needed and each user can quietly generate their own energy and have some excess.

Disadvantages:

The main disadvantage of solar energy is the initial cost of installation. Most types of solar cell need large areas of land to achieve average efficiency. Air pollution and weather can also have a large effect on the efficiency of the solar cells. The silicon used is also very expensive and the problem of nocturnal down times means solar cells can only ever generate during the daytime. Solar energy is currently thought to cost roughly twice as much as traditional sources (coal, oil etc). Obviously, as fossil fuel reserves become depleted, their cost will rise until a point is reached where solar cells become an economically viable source of energy. When this occurs, massive investment will be able to further increase their efficiency and lower their cost.

Top 5 cars of 2011


Jeep Grand Cherokee:
No brand is more Identified with off-road adventure than "Jeep". The new "Grand Cherokee" is at the top of the line-up with a lot much more luxurious and roomy interior but also more power and, yes, enhanced on- and off-road chops. The new 3.6-liter Pentastar V6 gives out 290 hp and 260 lb ft of torque, delivers 16 mpg city and 23 mpg highway and will tow up to 5000 pounds. But weíd choose the 360-hp V8 for its muscle-car hustleóand take the modest fuel-economy hit. For the first time, the unibody "Jeep" uses a four-wheel suspension for enhanced steering and suspension precision. Opt for the Quadra-Lift air suspension, and the Jeep will provide five distinct suspension-height levels, with up to an impressive 10.7 inches of ground clearance. During a snow-covered sortie in Moab, Utah, the Jeep rocked and rolled its way over the worst obstacles, taking the most dangerous lines without so much as a whimper. Best thing, it can lower itself back down and provide a pillow-soft luxury-car ride on the way home from the trailhead.

Hyundai Sonata:
In pro sport games, the MVP trophy doesn't always go to the one player with the best stats; sometimes, intangibles add up to an obvious MVP. Similarly, the Hyundai Sonata was a clear choice for the 2011 PMVóPopular Mechanics's Valueóaward. What Hyundai has achieved with the redesign of its bread-and-butter sedan is, in a word, astonishing. One glance tells much of the story, as the vehicle looks more like a luxury coupe than a midsize economy sedan. Gone is the V6, replaced with a 200-hp four-cylinder. Or opt for a turbocharged four-banger with 274 hp, which makes you forget about the lack of a V6 in the lineup. There's even a hybrid model that gets over 30 mpg. Options aside, the Sonata's standard safety equipment includes electronic stability control (ESC), traction control and antilock brakes with brake assist. Throw in Hyundai's 10-year, 100,000-mile warranty and it makes you wonder what luxury carmakers will have to do to keep calling themselves luxury carmakers.

Toyota Sienna:
While minivans are often passed over in favor of crossovers and SUVs, no vehicle is more versatile. Witness the new Toyota Sienna. It's 5 inches shorter than the Toyota Sequoia, yet the Sienna offers 39.1 cubic feet of cargo room behind the third-row seat, 20.2 more than the sport ute. Furthermore, the Sienna's seats adapt to a variety of configurations. The split third row folds flat into the recessed cargo area, and the second rowóeither singular buckets or a split benchó slides fore and aft and also folds. For 2011, Toyota offers a 2.7-liter four-cylinder and a six-speed automatic that return up to 24 mpg. The company has also aggressively restyled the van in an attempt to drop some of the mommy-mobile stigma. Need more proof that the Sienna can do it all? It tows up to 3500 pounds and is the only minivan that's available with all-wheel drive.

Lotus Evora:
What does Lotus know about handling that eludes the rest of the world? It's a question we asked ourselves after an exhilarating mountain-road romp in the new Evora. While this Lotus makes several concessions to practicality, such as a small rear seat and even cruise control, essentially it's a driver's car. And for 2011, there's nothing better on the road. Those with the means will enjoy a connection between the car and the road that borders on telepathic. The steering effort linearly increases as the cornering forces build, and the suspension impeccably keeps the tires squarely planted on the road. The result is a car with high but accessible cornering limits, a sports car that makes even novice drivers feel like heroes. Even better, the Evora smashes the notion that good handling and a supple ride are mutually exclusiveóit's cushy enough to drive to work, yet incredibly entertaining on curvy roads and racetracks.

Ford F-250 Super Duty:
When there's a heavy load to moveóand move quicklyó few vehicles will do it better than Ford's new Super Duty pickups. The heart of a truck is its powerplant, and the top choice for these rigs is the new 6.7-liter diesel V8 that cranks out 400 hp and a pavement wrinkling 800 lb-ft of torque. That's more grunt than any other pickup or passenger vehicle sold in North America. Indeed, an F-350 dually can handle over 7000 pounds in its bed and tow more than 22,000 pounds with a fifth-wheel hitch. When the road gets muddy, there's a solid axle at each end of a 4WD Super Duty's chassisóand an optional electronic locking rear differential to split power equally to the rear wheels. The new Super Duty is exceedingly capable on the job site, but it was the truck's docile road manners that helped it win our heavy-duty pickup truck comparison test (Nov. '10). For 2011, the suspension was reconfigured to use fewer leaf springs in the back, which helps these massive trucks soak up the bumps like an F-150, and the light steering effort eases trailer backups. The Super Duty continues Ford's use of pioneering and smart options, like power-extendable towing mirrors, flip-up rear seats and an innovative productivity screen, that make the dirtiest jobs seem almost, well, fun.

Infiniti M37/M56:
Every rear-drive Infiniti since the original 2003 G35 has been exceptionally fun to driveó and to its rivals, a formidable competitor. But in terms of polish, the company's cars have lagged behind Europeans. No more. Inside and out, the 2011 Infiniti M could set new benchmarks for design. The sedan retains the taut handling of past models, but thanks to a suspension reboot, it now moves with more finesse. The M also boasts smart technology such as Lane Departure Preventionó which activates the brakes to keep the M in its laneóand the Eco Pedal, an accelerator that resists throttle jabs, reminding the driver how to save fuel. The M37's potent 3.7-liter V6 brings 330 hp, and Infiniti's new 420-hp 5.6-liter V8 is a powerhouse. Next year, the M Hybrid will be about 25 percent more efficient than the current M37óand deliver 40 more lb-ft of torque than the M56.

The Best Vintage Cars


1927 Ford Model T
When we are looking at vintage cars, itís hard to surpass the power, style and legacy of the Model T. This car is usually viewed as being the first affordable production car, and it set the standard for what a classic car should look like way back in 1908. A variety of changes and improvements were made to it's design T during the 19 years that the Model T was in production, culminating in the 1927 model that is still sought after by collectors and makers of classic reproductions today.
The Model T (AKA Tin Lizzie, as it was often called) is a great example of how a car doesnít have to be the fastest available to still be revered by those who appreciate great vehicles; even though it only had two gears, the Model T was still voted ìCar of the Centuryî in 1999, beating out other classics such as the Volkswagen Beetle, the Mini, and the Porche 911 with a considerable lead.

1967 Ford Mustang
Seeing American muscle cars like the í69 Sting Ray, you canít overlook the Mustang from the Ford Motor Company. Even today, filmmakers and producers look to the Mustangs of the 60ís when they want a vehicle that conveys pure power and indomitable forceÖ and nothing does this better than the 1967 Mustang. It was in í67 that the Mustang received its first real increases in length and height, and the Mustang  was given a wider body frame which allowed for the inclusion on a ìbig blockî engine to give this beast plenty of horsepower. This was combined with a variety of extra vintage car parts giving features such as power disc brakes, a tilt steering wheel, and the innovative FMX transmission which allowed for fully automatic shifting in addition to manual shifting.

1967 Volkswagen Beetle
Though itís not a powercar like some of the other cars on this list, the VW Beetle is instantly recognizable and could very possibly be one of the more well known vehicles ever produced. Originally known simply as the Volkswagen Type 1, by 1967 the German motor company decided to embrace the nicknames like the ìBeetleî and ìBugî that their car had received from it's adoring public. The í67 Beetle featured a variety of improvements over its predecessors in addition to formally adopting itís new name; a new drivetrain was included, the engine was made larger, and the electrical generator doubled its output as it was converted to a 12V system. Additional changes were also made to the braking system, clutch disc, and various other features, making the í67 Beetle a functionally different car than anything that had come before, and it's one on this list that won't sting you too badly for vintage car insurance!.

No list of classic cars would be complete without an entry featuring Porsche 911, which was originally developed to replace for the smaller and less comfortable Porsche 356 (and also as somewhat of a more sporting evolution of the Volkswagen Beetle, as many of the early Porsche cars used parts from Volkswagen vehicles.) When introduced in 1964, the 911 featured an air-cooled rear mounted engine and a 5 speed manual transmission. Though it contained four seats, the rear seats are very small and many considered it to be a ì2 + 2î vehicle as opposed to a true four-seater. Though the Porsche 911 has remained in production since its original introduction, many still prefer the older models for their classical styling and air-cooled engines (as the company changed to water-cooled engines in 1998.)


Understanding Art



Art is anything that people add to their 'output' which is
not functionally necessary and is other than the default
properties of that output. The word "art" has been derived
from the Latin word 'ars', which, loosely translated,
means "arrangement" or "to arrange". This is the only
universal definition of art, that whatever it is was at some
point arranged in some way. There are many other
colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its
etymological roots. This word comes from the Greek
technic meaning art.

Art and science are usually treated diagonally opposite to
each other. While science means some phenomenon
resulting in truth, which is universal and objective in
nature. In other words, science findings can be repeated
under the same set of circumstances anywhere in the
world at any given point of time. Same cannot be said of
art. Art, on the other hand is purely subjective in nature.
Take for example, a painting - while one calls it a
masterpiece, same feelings cannot be expected from
other individual. 

















Art can roughly be divided into two, namely philosophical 
art and aesthetic art. The philosophical type of art
involves human figures for some purposive actions. In
other words, philosophical art depicts human condition or
it is the conceptual frame of mind of the artist.

Aesthetic art, on the other hand, shows the perceived
frame of mind. Two examples will help illustrate these
two points of view - a Mona Lisa painting is philosophical
art, while a demon being killed by a super human is
aesthetic. These two categories are also called classical
and modern art respectively.

There are other ways of classifying art - major among
them being architecture, design, painting, music,
drawing, literature, performing art, etc. While these have
been (and still are) traditional forms of art performed by
human kind, newer forms of art have emerged with the
advent of technology. Some of the later era art forms are
games, animation, movie, computer art, shooting, etc.

Two of the most researched areas of interest to artists,
critiques and archeologists has been the art movement
(or art history) and art school.
















An art movement is a typical style or tendency in art with 
a specific common philosophy, followed by a group of
artists during a restricted period of time (ranging from a
few months to years or decades). Art school is any
educational institute offering education to its students on
various forms of art.

Birth of art gave rise to another group of individuals - art
critics. Art critics study and evaluate a piece of art. Its
main purpose is to rationalize the evaluation of art, and
ridding of any personal opinion affecting the work of art.
Art criticism today deploys systematic and formal
methods to evaluate the piece of art.

Museums are known to nurture and store work of arts
across the world. Early era museums were patronized by
the then kings and emperors. Today these are
maintained by governments or private trusts with or
without public money. Three major museum institutes are
British Museum, Museum of Modern Art, New York and
Galerie des Offices in France.

Understanding art in its totality is almost an impossible
task for a human being. There are over 3,600 terms in art
to be understood. And these are not definitive in nature.
Art is when you are free to redefine these.